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Aminoff T, Smolander J, Korhonen O, Louhevaara V: "Physical work capacity in dynamic exercise with differing muscle masses in healthy young and older men." European Journal of Applied Physiology and Occupational Physiology (1996) 73(1-2):180-185.

Balagopal P, Proctor D, Nair KS: "Sarcopenia and hormonal changes." Endocrine (1997) Aug;7(1):57-60.

Balagopal P, Rooyackers OE, Adey DB, Ades PA, Nair KS : "Effects of aging on in vivo synthesis of skeletal muscle myosin heavy-chain and sarcoplasmic protein in humans." Am J Physiol. (1997) Oct;273(4 Pt 1) E790-800.

Bemben MG: "Age-related alterations in muscular endurance." Sports Medicine (1998) Apr;25(4):259-269.

Bonnefoy M, Kostka T, Arsac LM, Berthouze SE, Lacour JR: "Peak anaerobic power in elderly men." European Journal of Applied Physiology and Occupational Physiology (1998) 77(1-2):182-188.

Booth FW, Weeden SH, Tseng BS: "Effect of aging on human skeletal muscle and motor function." Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise (1994);May;26(5):556-560.

Brown M, Sinacore DR, Host HH: "The relationship of strength to function in the older adult." J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci (1995) Nov;50 Spec No:55-9.

Chumlea WC, Guo SS, Vellas B, Guigoz Y: "Techniques of assessing muscle mass and function (sarcopenia) for epidemiological studies of the elderly." J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci (1995) Nov;50 Spec No:45-51.

Coggan AR: "Muscle biopsy as a tool in the study of aging." J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci (1995) Nov;50 Spec No:30-4.

Conley KE, Cress ME, Jubrias SA, Esselman PC, Odderson IR: "From muscle properties to human performance, using magnetic resonance." J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci (1995) Nov;50 Spec No:35-40.

Duchek JM, Hunt L, Ball K, Buckles V, Morris JC: "The role of selective attention in driving and dementia of the Alzheimer type." Alzheimer Disease and Associated Disorders (1997) Jun;11 Suppl 1:48-56.

Dutta C, Hadley EC, Lexell J: "Sarcopenia and physical performance in old age: overview." Muscle and Nerve. Supplement (1997) 5:S5-S9.

Dutta C, Hadley EC: "The significance of sarcopenia in old age." J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci (1995) Nov;50 Spec No:1-4.

Evans WJ: "What is sarcopenia?" J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci (1995) Nov;50 Spec No:5-8.

Grimby G: "Muscle performance and structure in the elderly as studied
cross-sectionally and longitudinally." J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci (1995) Nov;50 Spec No:17-22.

Hakim AA, Petrovitch H, Burchfiel CM, Ross GW, Rodriguez BL, White LR, Yano K, Curb JD, Abbott RD: "Effects of walking on mortality among nonsmoking retired men." New England Journal of Medicine (1998) Jan 8;338(2):94-99.

Hamerman D: "Aging and the musculoskeletal system." Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases (1997) Oct;56(10):578-585.

Heymsfield SB, Gallagher D, Visser M, Nunez C, Wang ZM: "Measurement of skeletal muscle: laboratory and epidemiological methods." J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci (1995) Nov;50 Spec No:23-9.

Hurley BF: "Age, gender, and muscular strength." J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci (1995) Nov;50 Spec No:41-4.

Ivy JL: "Role of exercise training in the prevention and treatment of insulin resistance and non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus." Sports Medicine (1997) Nov;24(5):321-336.

Kenney WL: "Thermoregulation at rest and during exercise in healthy older adults." Exercise and Sport Sciences Reviews (1997) 25:41-76.

Kenney WL, Buskirk ER: "Functional consequences of sarcopenia: effects on thermoregulation." J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci (1995) Nov;50 Spec No:78-85.

Kohrt WM, Holloszy JO: "Loss of skeletal muscle mass with aging: effect on glucose tolerance." J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci (1995) Nov;50 Spec No:68-72.

Kostka T, Bonnefoy M, Arsac LM, Berthouze SE, Belli A, Lacour JR: "Habitual physical activity and peak anaerobic power in elderly women." European Journal of Applied Physiology and Occupational Physiology (1997) 76(1):81-87.

Larsson L, Ansved T: "Effects of ageing on the motor unit.". Progress in Neurobiology (1995) Apr;45(5):397-458.

Lexell J: "Human aging, muscle mass, and fiber type composition." J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci (1995) Nov;50 Spec No:11-6

Lindle RS, Metter EJ, Lynch NA, Fleg JL, Fozard JL, Tobin J, Roy TA, Hurley BF: "Age and gender comparisons of muscle strength in 654 women and men aged 20-93yr." Journal of Applied Physiology (1997) Nov;83(5):1581-1587.

Maki BE, McIlroy WE: "The role of limb movements in maintaining upright stance: the"change-in-support." strategy." Physical Therapy (1997) May;77(5):488-507.

Marcus R: "Relationship of age-related decreases in muscle mass and strength to
skeletal status." J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci (1995) Nov;50 Spec No:86-7.

McCarter RJ: "Exercise and Aging." In: Annual Review of Gerontology and Geriatrics Vol. 15 Chapter 8 (187-228) Springer Publishing Company, New York (1995).

Owsley: "Clinical and research issues on older drivers: future directions." Alzheimer Disease and Associated Disorders (1997) Jun;11 Suppl 1:3-7.

Petrella RJ, Cunningham DA, Paterson DH: "Effects of 5-day exercise training in elderly subjects on resting left ventricular diastolic function and VO2max." Canadian Journal of Applied Physiology (1997) Feb;22(1):37-47.

Hepple RT, Mackinnon SLM, Thomas SG, Goodman JM, Plyley MJ: "Quantitating the capillary supply and the response to resistance training in older men." Pflugers Archiv. European Journal of Physiology (1997) Jan;433(3):238-244.

Poehlman ET, Toth MJ, Fishman PS, Vaitkevicius P, Gottlieb SS, Fisher ML, Fonong T: "Sarcopenia in aging humans: the impact of menopause and disease." J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci (1995) Nov;50 Spec No:73-7.

Proctor DN, Joyner MJ: "Skeletal muscle mass and the reduction of VO2max in trained older subjects." Journal of Applied Physiology (1997) May;82(5):1411-1415.

Rantanen T, Era P, Heikkinen E: "Physical activity and the changes in maximal isometric strength in men and women from the age of 75 to 80 years." Journal of the American Geriatrics Society (1997) Dec;45(12):1439-1445.

Roos MR, Rice CL, Vandervoort AA: "Age-related changes in motor unit function." Muscle and Nerve (1997) Jun;20(6):679-690.

Schultz AB: "Muscle function and mobility biomechanics in the elderly: an overview of
some recent research." J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci (1995) Nov;50 Spec No:60-3.

Schwartz RS: "Sarcopenia and physical performance in old age: introduction." Muscle and Nerve. Supplement (1997) 5:S10-S12.

Seiler KS, Spirduso WW, Martin JC: "Gender differences in rowing performance and power with aging." Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise (1998) Jan;30(1):121-127.

Shephard RJ, Shek PN: "Cancer, immune function, and physical activity." Canadian Journal of Applied Physiology (1995) Mar;20(1):1-25.

Shepard RJ, Shek PN: "Impact of physical activity and sport on the immune system." Reviews on Environmental Health (1996) Jul;11(3):133-147.

Shinkai S, Konishi M, Shephard RJ: "Aging, exercise, training, and the immune system." Exercise Immunology Review (1997) 3:68-95.

Sial S, Coggan AR, Carroll R, Goodwin J, Klein S: "Fat and carbohydrate metabolism during exercise in elderly and young subjects." American Journal of Physiology (1996) Dec;271(6 Pt 1):E983-E989.

Staron RS: "Human skeletal muscle fiber types: delineation, development, and distribution." Canadian Journal of Applied Physiology (1997) Aug;22(4):307-327.

Tanaka H, Seals DR: "Age and gender interactions in physiological functional capacity: insight from swimming performance." Journal of Applied Physiology (1997) Mar;82(3):846-851.

Taunton JE, Martin AD, Rhodes EC, Wolski LA, Donelly M, Elliot J: "Exercise for the older woman: choosing the right prescription." British Journal of Sports Medicine (1997) Mar;31(1):5-10.

Tuite DJ, Renstrom PA, O'Brien M: "The aging tendon." Scandinavian Journal of Medicine and Science in Sports (1997) Apr;7(2):72-77.

Wallace RB: "Cognitive change, medical illness, and crash risk among older drivers: an epidemiological consideration." Alzheimer Disease and Associated Disorders (1997) Jun;11 Suppl 1:31-37.

Wolfson L, Judge J, Whipple R, King M: "Strength is a major factor in balance, gait, and the occurrence of falls." J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci (1995) Nov;50 Spec No:64-7.

Abrams, William B., and Robert Berkow, The Merck Manual of Geriatrics, Merck Sharp and Dome Research Laboratories, Rahway, New Jersey, 1990.

Andres, Reubin, Edwin Bierman and William R. Hazzard, eds., Principles of Geriatric Medicine, McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York. 1985.

Baylor, Ann M., and Waneen W. Spirduso, "Systematic Aerobic Exercise and Components of Reaction Time in Older Women", Journal of Gerontology, Vol. 43, pp. P121-126, 1988.

Blumenthal, James A., Charles F. Emery, David J. Madden, Linda K. George, R. Edward Coleman, Margaret W. Riddle, Daphne McKee, C. John Reasoner, and R. Sanders Williams, "Cardiovascular and Behavioral Effects of Aerobic Exercise Training in Healthy Older Men and Women", Journal of Gerontology, Vol. 44, no. 5, pp. M147-157, 1989.

Charness, Neil, Aging and Human Performance, John Wiley and Sons, New York, 1985.

Chernoff, Ronni, and David A. Lipschitz, Health Promotion and Disease Prevention in the Elderly, Aging Series, Vol. 35, Raven Press, New York, 1988.

Clarkson, Priscilla M., and Mary E. Dedrick, "Exercise-Induced Muscle Damage, Repair, and Adaptation in Old and Young Subjects", Journal of Gerontology, Vol. 43, pp. M91-96, 1988.

Davis, Bernard B., and W. Gibson Wood, eds., Homeostatic Functions and Aging, Aging Series, Vol. 30, Raven Press, N.Y., 1985.

Evered, David, and Julie Whelan, eds., Research and the Aging Population, Ciba Foundation, John Wiley and Sons, Chichester, 1988.

Finch, Caleb E., and Leonard Hayflick, eds., Handbook of the Biology of Aging, Van Nostrand Reinhold Company, New York, 1977.

Finch, Caleb E., and Edward L. Schneider, eds., Handbook of the Biology of Aging, 2nd edition. Van Nostrand Reinhold Co., N.Y., 1985.

Fleg, Jerome L., "Alterations in Cardiovascular Structure and Function with Advancing Age", The American Journal of Cardiology, Vol. 57, pp. 33C-44C, 1986

Fleg, Jerome L., "The Aging Heart", pp. 253-273, in Wenger, N. K., Furberg, C.D., and E. Pitt, eds., Coronary Heart Disease in the Elderly, Elsevier Science Publishing Co., Inc., 1986.

Foster, Vicky L., Gwenne J. E. Hume, William C. Byrnes, Arthur L. Dickinson, and Steven J. Chatfield, "Endurance Training For Elderly Women: Moderate vs Low Intensity", Journal of Gerontology, Vol. 44, pp. M184-178, 1989.

Gorman, Kevin M., and Joel D. Posner, "Benefits of Exercise in Old Age", Common Clinical Challenges in Geriatrics, Vol. 4, no. 1, pp. 181-192, 1988.

Grimby, G., "Physical Activity and Effects of Muscle Training in the Elderly", Annals of Clinical Research, Vol. 20, pp. 62-66, 1988.

Hamberg, James M., John E. Yerg, II, and Douglas R. Seals, "Pulmonary Function in Young and Older Athletes and Untrained Men", J. Applied Physiol., Vol. 65, pp. 101-105, 1988.

Hazzard, William R., Reubin Andres, Edwin L. Bierman and John P. Blass, Principles of Geriatric Medicine and Gerontology, 2nd edition, McGraw-Hill Information Services Company, New York, 1990.

Joseph, James A., ed., Central Determinants of Age-Related Declines in Motor Function, Vol. 15 of Annals of New York Academy of Sciences, New York Academy of Sciences, New York, 1988.

Kallman, Douglas A., Chris C. Plato, and Jordan D. Tobin, "The Role of Muscle Loss in the Age-Related Decline of Grip Strength: Cross- Sectional and Longitudinal Perspectives", Journal of Gerontology, Vol. 45, pp. M82-88, 1990.

Kenney, Richard A., Physiology of Aging, Year Book Medical Publishers, Inc., Chicago, 1982.

Kent, Barbara, and Robert N. Butler, Human Aging Research: Concepts and Techniques, in Aging Series Volume 34, Raven Press, N.Y., 1988.

Lakatta, Edward G., "Cardiovascular Reserve and Aging", in Horan, M. J., G .M. Steinberg, J. B. Dunbar and E.C. Hadley, eds., NIH Blood Pressure Regulation and Aging, Biomedical Information, New York, pp. 51-78, 1986.

Lakatta, Edward G., "The Aging Heart: Myths and Realities", pp. 179-193, in Elias, J. W., and P. H. Marshall, eds., Cardiovascular Disease and Behavior, Hemisphere, Washington, 1987.

Lexell, Jan, Charles C. Taylor, and Michael Sjostrom, "What is the Cause of the Ageing Atrophy?", Journal of the Neurological Sciences, Vol. 84, pp. 275-294, 1988.

Lindsay, Robert, "Managing Osteoporosis: Current Trends, Future Possibilities", Geriatrics, Vol. 42, No. 3, pp. 35-40, March 1987.

Lyles, Kenneth W., personal communication at Williamsburg, Nov. 1989.

Newton, J. P., R. Yemm, and M. J. N. McDonagh, "Study of Age Changes in the Motor Units of the First Dorsal Interosseous Muscle in Man" Gerontology, Vol. 34, pp. 115-119. 1988.

Panton, Lynn Bishop, James E. Graves, Michael L. Pollock, James M. Hagberg, and William Chen, "Effect of Aerobic and Resistance Training on Fractionated Reaction Time and Speed of Movement", Journal of Gerontology, Vol. 45, pp. M26-31, 1990.

Poggi, Paola, Carla Marchetti, and Roberto Scelsi, "Automatic Morphometric Analysis of Skeletal Muscle Fibers in the Aging Man", The Anatomical Record, Vol. 217, pp. 30-34, 1987.

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Schaadt, Ole, and Hans Bohr, "Different Trends of Age-Related Diminution of Bone Mineral Content in the Lumbar Spine, Femoral Neck, and Femoral Shaft in Women", Calcified Tissue International, Vol. 42, pp. 71-76, 1988.

Schein, Jeff, and Bill Dougal, Boning Up on Osteoporosis: A Guide to Prevention and Treatment, National Osteoporosis Foundation, Washington, D.C., 1989.

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Shephard, Roy J., and William Montelpare, "Geriatric Benefits of Exercise as an Adult", Journal of Gerontology, Vol. 43, pp. M86- 90, 1988.

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Tamai, Toshitaka, Tsuguhiko Nakai, Hirotada Takai, Ryuichi Fujiwara, Susumu Miyabo, Mitsuru Higuchi, and Shuhei Kobayashi, "The Effects of Physical Exercise on Plasma Lipoprotein and Apolipoprotein Metabolism in Elderly Men", Journal of Gerontology, Vol 43, no. 4, pp. M75-79, 1988.

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Tonino, Richard P., and Patricia A. Driscoll, "Reliability of Maximal and Submaximal Parameters of Treadmill Testing for the Measurement of Physical Training in Older Persons", Journal of Gerontology, Vol. 43, pp. M101-104, 1988.

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