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Fig.
1.1 Past and projected changes population 55 over by age – 1900-2060
Table
1.1 Past and projected changes population 55 over by age – 1900-2060
Fig.
1.2 Graph - web
Fig.
1.2 Elders as percentage of the US population - past and projected
Fig.
1.3 U.S. birthrates 1900-2020
Fig.
1.4 U.S. births 1900-2020
Fig.
1.5 U.S. death rates for different age groups 1900-2020
Fig.
1.6 Life expectancies - Graphs - 1900-2100
Fig.
1.7 U.S. baby boomers at different years - 2000-2060
Fig.
1.8a The structural basis of the body
Fig.
1.8b The structural basis of the body
Fig.
1.10 Negative feedback diagram
Fig.
1.11 Interactions among types of aging
Fig.
2.1 The structure of atoms
Fig.
2.2 A chemical reaction with giving and taking of electrons
Fig.
2.3 A chemical reaction with the sharing of electrons
Fig.
2.4 Forming ions from molecules
Fig.
2.5 The hierarchy of body structure
Fig.
2.6 Water molecule and hydrogen bonds
Fig.
2.8 Carbohydrate molecules
Fig.
2.9 Desoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)
Fig.
2.10 Adenosine triphosphate (ATP)
Fig.
2.11 Amino acids and chain in protein
Fig.
2.12 Levels of complexity of protein molecules
Fig.
2.13 Importance of proper protein structure
Fig.
2.14 Lipids (a) Triglyceride (b) Phospholipid
Fig.
2.15 Fatty Acids (a) Saturated (b) Unsaturated
Fig.
2.16 Steroids (a) General structure. (b) Cholesterol
Fig.
2.18 Cell membrane (a) Molecules composing the cell membrane. (b) Phagocytosis
Fig.
2.19 Mitochondrial structure
Fig.
2.21 Cell life cycle leading to cell reproduction
Fig.
2.22 Chromosome structure
Fig.
3.1 Components of the integumentary system
Fig.
3.2a Epidermal cells and layers
Fig.
3.2b Melanin production and transfer
Chapter 4
Supplementary
online figures
Fig.
4.1 The circulatory system, showing the pathway for blood flow
Fig.
4.2 The circulatory system blood flow and lymph flow
Fig.
4.3 The internal structure of the heart and adjoining blood vessels
Fig.
4.4 (a) Cardiac cycle and (b) blood pressure
Fig.
4.5 Layers of the heart
Fig.
4.6 Coronary arteries
Fig.
4.8 Coronary artery disease
Fig.
4.9a Structure of arteries and veins - large
Fig.
4.9b Structure of arteries and veins - smaller artery
Fig.
4.9c Structure of arteries and veins - smaller vein
Fig.
4.9d Structure of arteries and veins - venous valve
Fig.
4.10a Aneurysms - Pressure on a structure
Fig.
4.10b Aneurysms - Clot formation
Fig.
4.10c Aneurysms - Bleeding
Fig.
4.11 Capillary exchange and lymph formation
Fig.
4.12 Capillary structure and capillary exchange
Fig.
4.15 Formation of blood clots
Fig.
5.1 The respiratory system and associated structures
Fig.
5.3 Passive expiration: (a) Elastic recoil collapses chest partially,
causing
expiration.
(b) Elastic recoil collapses balloon, forcing air out.
Fig.
5.4 Forced expiration: (a) Muscle contractions and elastic recoil collapse
chest
partially,
causing rapid expiration. (b) Pressure from hands and elastic recoil collapse
balloon,
forcing air out rapidly
Fig.
5.5 Respiratory passages in the head and neck
Fig.
5.6 The swallowing reflex: (a) tongue pushes food back. (b) soft palate
elevates
and epiglottis lowers to close airways. (c) muscle contractions push food into
esophagus.
(d) wave of contraction pushes food down to stomach
Fig.
5.7(a) Lower airways and alveoli
Fig.
5.7(b) Lower airways and alveoli
Fig.
5.8 Effects of aging on alveoli: (a) young alveoli. (b) old alveoli
Fig.
5.9 Age changes in respiratory volumes
Fig.
5.10(a) Pulmonary circulation and perfusion of the lungs (perfusion)
Fig.
5.10(b) Pulmonary circulation and perfusion of the lungs (perfusion)
Fig.
5.10(c) Pulmonary circulation and perfusion of the lungs (diffusion)
Chapter 6
Supplementary
online figures
Fig.
6.2a Neuron structure
Fig.
6.2b Neuron types
Fig.
6.3a Neuron functioning
Fig.
6.3b Neuron functioning
Fig.
6.4 Reflex pathways involving skeletal muscles
Fig.
6.5 A conscious sensory pathway
Fig.
6.6 A somatic (voluntary) motor pathway
Fig.
6.7 Structure of aging brain
Fig.
6.9 Blood vessels that supply the brain
Fig.
6.11 Alzheimer’s disease
Fig.
6.12 Plaques and tangles in Alzheimer’s disease
Fig.
6.14 Microscopic views of Lewy bodies
Fig.
6.20a Peripheral nervous system; somatic portion
Fig.
6.20b Peripheral nervous system; sympathetic portion
Fig.
6.20c Peripheral nervous system; parasympathetic portion
Chapter
7
Supplementary
online figures
Fig.
7.1 Image formation and the pathways used for vision
Fig.
7.4 Accommodation to near objects
Fig.
7.5a Structure of the retina and associated eye components
Fig.
7.5b Structure of the macula and associated eye components of the
Fig.
7.6 The eye in its orbit, with external eye muscles and fat
Fig.
7.7 Eyelids and the lacrimal apparatus
Fig.
7.8 Main structures of the ear
Fig.
7.9 Structures of the middle ear and the and internal ear
Fig.
7.10 Pathway of sound vibrations and structures of the cochlea
Fig.
7.11 Differential cochlear sensitivities to sound frequencies
Fig.
7.13 Detecting changes in gravity and speed
Fig.
7.14 Detection of rotation
Fig.
8.1 Skeletal muscles in the muscle system
Fig.
8.2 Components of a skeletal muscle
Fig.
8.3a Components of a muscle cell
Fig.
8.3b Neuromuscular junction
Fig.
8.4 Obtaining energy in muscle cells
Fig.
8.5 Myofilaments and the process of contraction
Fig.
8.6a Motor units
Chapter
9
Supplementary
online figures
Fig.
9.2 Skeletal support for the spinal cord
Fig.
9.3 Skeletal components as anchors and levers
Fig.
9.5 Bone tissue: compact bone and trabecular bone
Fig.
9.6 Age changes in bone tissue: (a) Trabecular bone. (b) Cortical bone
Fig.
9.8 Vertebrae and slightly movable joints: (a)
Young vertebrae and joints. (b)
Crush fractures. (c)
Age changes. (d)
Intervertebral joints with osteoarthritis.
(a)
Young vertebrae and joints
(d)
Intervertebral joints with osteoarthritis
Fig.
9.9 Structure of freely movable joints
Fig.
9.11 Effects of rheumatoid arthritis on joint structure: (a) Normal joint.
(b) Cartilage replaced with pannus. (c) Pannus and immune reaction remove
cartilage and bone. (d) Bones fused by calcification of pannus
Fig.
9.12 Age changes in bone mass
Chapter
10
Supplementary
online figures
Fig.
10.1 The digestive system
Fig.
10.3 Peptic ulcers in the stomach and duodenum
Fig.
10.4 The large intestine: (a) Regions. (b) Rectum and anus
Fig.
10.5 Diseases of the large intestine
Fig.
10.6 Structure of liver lobules
Fig.
10.7 The hepatic portal system
Chapter
11
Fig.
11.1 MyPlate icon from the USDA
Chapter
12
Supplementary
online figures
Fig.
12.4 Filtration, reabsorption, and secretion
Fig.
12.5 Structure of the
urinary bladder, urethra, and associated structures
Chapter
13
Supplementary
online figures
Fig.
13.1 Male and female reproductive systems
Fig.
13.2 Structure of the male reproductive system
Fig. 13.3 3D view - Structure of
the male reproductive system
Fig.
13.4 Structure of the testes
Fig. 13.5 Structure of the
seminiferous tubules
Fig. 13.6 Penis structure and
erection
Fig. 13.7 Structure of the female reproductive system
Fig. 13.8 3D view - Structure of the female reproductive system
Fig. 13.9 Ovaries, oviducts, uterus and associated structures
Fig. 13.10 Ovarian structure, follicle development, and ovulation
Fig. 13.12 Structure of the breast
Fig. 13.13 Age changes in the structure of the breast
Supplementary
online figures
Fig. 14.1 The endocrine system
Fig. 14.2 The hypothalamus, anterior pituitary gland and posterior pituitary gland
Fig. 14.3 Control of growth hormone secretion - a negative feedback mechanism
Chapter 15
Supplementary
online figures
Fig.
15.1 Immune system structures
Fig.
15.2 Development of macrophages, T cells and B cell
Fig.
15.3 Processing and presentation of antigens
Fig.
15.4 Activation and activities of hT cells
Fig.
15.5 Activation and activities of cT cells
Fig.
15.6 Activation and activities of B cells
Fig.
15.7 Primary immune response
Fig.
15.8 Secondary immune response
Fig.
16.1a Survival curves - 1900-2100 and with artificial ↑ ML
Fig.
16.1b Survival curves - 1900-2100 and with artificial ↑ XL
Fig.
16.1c Survival curves - 1900-2100 and with artificial ↑ ML and ↑ XL
Fig.
16.1a, b, c Survival curves to 2100 with ↑ (a) ML (b) ↑ XL (c) ↑
ML and ↑ XL
Fig.
16.2 World population growth; past and projected
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