Fig. 7.13
Detecting changes in gravity and speed. (Sources of images and videos below. Used with
permission.)
Videos
“Internal
Ear Anatomy”
https://blausen.com/en/video/internal-ear-anatomy/
“Equilibrium: The Macula in the Saccule”
https://blausen.com/en/video/equilibrium-the-macula-in-the-saccule/
https://www.biologyofhumanaging.com/Figures/CC-BY-NS-SA%20image.jpg
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Previous print editions of the text Human Aging: Biological Perspectives are ©
Copyright 2000, 1994 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. and 2020 by Augustine
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of images and videos below. Used with permission.
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Blausen_0329_EarAnatomy_InternalEar.png
Description English: Internal Ear Anatomy. See a related animation of this medical topic.
Date 15
October 2013, 14:40:06
Source Own work
Author BruceBlaus. When using this image in external sources it can be cited as:
·
Blausen.com staff (2014). "Medical
gallery of Blausen Medical 2014".
WikiJournal of Medicine 1 (2). DOI:10.15347/wjm/2014.010. ISSN 2002-4436.
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Modified: A.G. DiGiovanna
Added labels and lines. Blocked some
portions.
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Vestibular_organs-_canals,_otolith,_cochlea.jpg
Description a
drawing of the inner ear
Source The
Effects of Space Flight on the Human Vestibular System,
an online educational article by the U.S. government’s National Aeronautics and
Space Administration (NASA)
Author NASA
Licensing
This
file is in the public domain in the United States because it was solely
created by NASA. NASA copyright policy states that
"NASA material is not protected by copyright unless noted".
(See Template:PD-USGov, NASA copyright policy page or JPL Image Use Policy.)
Warnings:
- Use of NASA logos, insignia and emblems is restricted per
U.S. law 14 CFR 1221.
- The NASA
website hosts a large number of images from the Soviet/Russian space agency, and other non-American space agencies.
These are not necessarily in the public domain.
- Materials
based on Hubble Space Telescope data may be copyrighted if they are not explicitly produced by the STScI.[1] See also {{PD-Hubble}} and {{Cc-Hubble}}.
- The SOHO (ESA & NASA) joint project implies that all
materials created by its probe are copyrighted and require permission for
commercial non-educational use. [2]
- Images
featured on the Astronomy Picture of the Day (APOD) web site may be copyrighted. [3]
The National Space Science Data Center (NSSDC) site has been known to host copyrighted content. Its photo gallery FAQ states that all of the images in the photo gallery are
in the public domain "Unless otherwise noted."
Modified: A.G. DiGiovanna
Added labels and lines. Blocked some
portions.
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Ampulla_of_SemicircularCanal.svg
Description English: The cupula of the human semicircular
canal. Top: The cupula spans the lumen of the ampulla from the crista to the
membranous labyrinth. Bottom: Since head acceleration exceeds endolymph
acceleration, the relative flow of endolymph in the canal is opposite to the
direction of head acceleration. This flow produces a pressure across the
elastic cupula, which deflects in response.
Date 16
February 2011
Source Own work
Author Thomas.haslwanter
Licensing
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Modified: A.G. DiGiovanna
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NOT COPYRIGHTED
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/1409_Maculae_and_Equilibrium.jpg
Description English: Illustration
from Anatomy & Physiology, Connexions Web site. http://cnx.org/content/col11496/1.6/, Jun 19, 2013.
Date 28 May 2013, 00:54:25
Source Anatomy & Physiology, Connexions
Web site. http://cnx.org/content/col11496/1.6/, Jun 19, 2013.
Author OpenStax College
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Modified: A.G. DiGiovanna
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https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:In%C3%A9rcia_nos_%C3%B3rg%C3%A3os_otol%C3%ADticos.png
Description English: A
scheme of inertia effect on the otolithic organ.
Date 30 September 2020
Source Own
work
Author Cristiane Tilelli
Autoria: Cristiane Queixa Tilelli
Licensing
I, the copyright holder of this work, hereby publish it under the following
license:
This file is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0 International license.
You are free:
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to share – to copy, distribute and transmit the work
·
to remix – to adapt the work
Under the following conditions:
·
attribution – You must give appropriate credit, provide
a link to the license, and indicate if changes were made. You may do so in any
reasonable manner, but not in any way that suggests the licensor endorses you
or your use.
share alike – If you remix, transform, or build upon the
material, you must distribute your contributions under the same or compatible license as the original.
Modified: A.G. DiGiovanna
Added labels and lines. Blocked some portions.
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Otolith_organ_of_vestibular_system.jpg
Description a drawing of a part of the inner ear's balance-sensing apparatus
Source Human Vestibular System in Space, an online educational article by the
U.S. government’s National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA). (NOTE:
the link for the previously cited article source, The Effects of Space Flight
on the Human Vestibular System (http://weboflife.nasa.gov/learningResources/vestibularbrief.htm), is broken.)
Author NASA
Licensing
This file is in
the public domain in the United States because it was solely created by NASA. NASA copyright policy states that
"NASA material is not protected by copyright unless noted".
(See Template:PD-USGov, NASA copyright policy page or JPL Image Use Policy.)
Warnings:
- Use of NASA logos, insignia and emblems is restricted per
U.S. law 14 CFR 1221.
- The NASA website hosts a large number of
images from the Soviet/Russian space agency, and other non-American space agencies. These are not necessarily
in the public domain.
- Materials based on Hubble Space Telescope data may be copyrighted if they are not explicitly produced by the STScI.[1] See also {{PD-Hubble}} and {{Cc-Hubble}}.
- The SOHO (ESA
& NASA) joint project implies that all
materials created by its probe are copyrighted and require permission for
commercial non-educational use. [2]
- Images featured on the Astronomy Picture of the Day (APOD) web site may be copyrighted. [3]
The National Space Science Data Center (NSSDC) site has been known to host copyrighted content. Its photo gallery FAQ states that all of the images in the photo
gallery are in the public domain "Unless otherwise noted."
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Balance_Disorder_Illustration_B.png
Description balance disorder image from public domain http://www.nidcd.nih.gov/health/balance/balance_disorders.asp
Descriptions
of how the otolith organs (pictured here) of the inner ear enable humans and
other animals to sense gravitation and acceleration are at Otolith,
at Equilibrioception
and at Vestibular system.
What enables humans and other animals to keep themselves balanced is their
brain's comparison of information from the vestibular system (which is
comprised of three semicircular canals and two otolith organs in each ear), the
visual system and the proprioceptive system.
Source US
gov
Author US
gov
Licensing
This image is a work of the National
Institutes of Health, part of the United
States Department of Health and Human Services.
As a work
of the U.S.
federal government, the image is in the public
domain.
Original upload log
The original description page was here. All following user names refer to en.wikipedia.
- 2003-01-31 12:10 The Anome 275×389×8 (16762 bytes) balance disorder image from
public domain
http://www.nidcd.nih.gov/health/balance/balance_disorders.asp